Blocks of stone mined vs blocks of ores (accounting for placement ratio). Allowing custom thresholds and such. Maybe also take into account where they are finding the ores–the higher % not at the ore spawn level, the more likely the person is using X-Ray. Take into account the usual signs of X-Ray:
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Tunnels digging straight to an ore vein. This minimizes the amount of durability lost and time lost. Therefore, the average X-Rayer will have a higher ratio of ores to blocks mined. “There is an average of 3.097 diamond ore per chunk-sized area” according to the wiki. So, if you assume a “chunk-size area” to be 16x16x64 blocks, the average diamond ore to blocks mined ratio would be approximately 0.00018737792, or .018…%. You could even just consider the levels at which diamonds spawn, because most people know that. Diamond ore occurs between levels 5-12, so at 3.097 diamond ores per “chunk sized area”, reduced to consider the areas where it spawns, you are left with 3.097 diamond ores per 1792 blocks (16 blocks x16 blocks x7 levels), so an average ratio of blocks mined to diamond ores of .0017282366 or .17282366%. So you analyze how many blocks in the correct range a player mines and how many diamond ores he finds. In the beginning you have to be generous, but after 1000 or so mined blocks you can be relatively sure about your data. At that point, people with 12% ratios need to be flagged for review by staff (remember, you can NEVER be sure about X-Ray without taking into consideration pathfinding and sidetunnels, so it’s good to have an admin review it first) and people with 75% ratios can say goodbye. This concept can be expanded to all ores.
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Most X-Rayers are using a resource pack, so just force the default pack upon them and kick them (like Hypixel does) if they don’t use the pack.
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The rest of the X-Rayers likely use other mods like Forcefield against mobs. Make sure to check for that.
This process could significantly reduce the need for staff to be constantly watching UHC games and such.